Conference on Practice of Enterprise Modeling †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Examine about the Conference on Practice of Enterprise Modeling. Answer: Presentation: This report will give a short outline about the significance of code of morals in designing calling. There are sure arrangement of code of morals endorsed by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Each moral code will be clarified in detail and the significance of that code will be clarified. A few activities and approaches will be included the report. A direction or set of rules that is explicitly intended to assist experts with leading their business with respectability and legit can be characterized a s code of morals. A morals archive for any association or establishment plots the qualities and mission. It for the most part gives a lot of rules on how experts are going to move toward a specific issue when there is an issue or their moral direct can be tested. Any associations or foundations code of morals ought to mirror the guiding principle of it [2]. Organizations, exchange associations, instructive establishments all have some moral code which is to be trailed by the individuals from that foundation or association. Any deviation from the rules ought to be managed in a solid way since it has the potential ruin somebody elses lives. The individuals from Institute of electrical and gadgets engineers have detailed the code of morals. These code of morals should be clung to by people and networks. There are ten moral codes recommended by the association. The moral codes will be expressed beneath: Wellbeing, government assistance and strength of the open must be of fundamental significance. An individual needs to follow reasonable improvement rehearses and simultaneously consent to the moral structure. The individual must assume liability in revealing elements, which are regarded to imperil the earth and open [1]. Seen or genuine irreconcilable situations must be kept away from at all expense. At whatever point, it happens the person regarding it must reveal it to the concerned gatherings. People must assume liability when they are expressing claims, which depend on an informational index. They ought to be straightforward and practical in such manner. People must oppose impulse to take kickbacks in any structure. This point discusses bestowing specialized ability. Individuals and networks must assume liability in improving the understanding and cultural ramifications of current and customary advances for the improvement of society. Savvy frameworks are likewise remembered for this. The people must improve specialized skill. This code tells that people can attempt undertakings that are mechanical in nature in the event that they are qualified which is they should have preparing for the specific errand. In the event that constraints are there, they should and ought to reveal it [7]. People must acknowledge, look for and offer analysis for a specialized work yet it must be straightforward. In the event that conceivable, they should address mistakes and should offer credit to different people work. Individuals and networks are encouraged to treat everybody reasonably. They should not participate in demonstrations of separation dependent on sex, religion, age, inability, race, sexual direction and sex personality. People must stray from activities that can make injury others, harming property and notoriety. Work because of bogus data is additionally denied [8]. At long last, the people must embrace duty to help collaborators and partners. It would help them in their expert turn of events. Moreover, people must assistance different individuals in following this code of morals [16]. Understanding: This section will depict the focuses referenced in Institute of electrical and gadgets engineers code of morals and connection between the code of morals and a rehearsing engineer. For a rehearsing engineer it is imperative to hold fast to a lot of rules and his/her activities must follow those rules. Honesty Any rehearsing engineer must play out his/her assignments with most extreme respectability. This expresses rehearses for engineers towards the association must be worthy. A specialists obligation and duties towards an association must be performed with trustworthiness [5]. Qualities Any associations or foundations have certain qualities. For instance, a lot of qualities can be cultivating human accomplishment with advancement, coordinated effort and greatness. Also, it very well may be regarding others by commending their decent variety and progressing in the direction of building a lively future [4]. These are the sorts of qualities that an association can have. A rehearsing engineer must find out about the estimations of the association he/she is working for. Demonstrable skill It is significant for workers in designing calling to show polished methodology and to agree to the expert sets of accepted rules of the association. It is significant in an association since any amateurish direct can meddle with lives of others. A short will be furnished alongside this with the end goal that it can help in guaranteeing proficient direct. A designer must guarantee that expert direct is kept up during connections with customers, colleagues and associates [6]. It is an obligation for a specialist, not to separate anybody dependent on their way of life, sexual orientation, religion and conjugal status. Deluding somebody with bogus explanations can have desperate outcomes. A specialist should avoid deluding. A designer likewise ought not make bogus guarantees and articulations that are not in accordance with the association. Aside from this, a rehearsing architect should report penetrates regardless of whether he/she faces restriction. Maintaining trus tworthiness must be of prime significance. Detailing with precision An associations notoriety relies upon exactness and straightforwardness of verbal articulations and put down accounts. Certainty of partners relies upon this. Consequently, a rehearsing engineer must guarantee the accompanying. He/she should keep up consistence with money related revealing guidelines in the locale the organization works. Every exchange must be approved and appropriately recorded in accounts [9]. Information that is once made must be held appropriately and arranged off and it ought to be as indicated by pertinent guidelines and guideline of the organization. A rehearsing engineer must be answerable for exactness in money related announcing. Individuals can start some inner controls with the goal that each specialist can accomplish total, steady, precise, honest, convenient and justifiable administration and monetary reports. Furthermore, in some cases it may happen that architects are pressurized to modify money related information. In that ci rcumstance, he/she should report the issue to fitting specialists. Security of condition It is each architect obligation to ensure the earth and this falls under moral ward. Human advancement ought to happen is an economical way. It becomes troublesome when ravenousness conquers needs of individual. All rehearsing engineers inside an association must acknowledge natural laws and guidelines inside the nation and inside the association. Architects must consent to the current laws in such a manner, which doesn't hamper general wellbeing, security and government assistance. A couple of suggestions for an architect can be-incorporating with the corporate qualities, knowing the maintainability system of the association, decrease of impression as far as tasks, sharing feasible information to other people, improving the information with the assistance of aptitudes and apparatuses and in conclusion helping customers, partners and accomplices so as to meet responsibilities identifying with supportability [10]. Cooperation Collaboration is a significant practice that a specialist ought to follow. Human improvement can't be cultivated without coordinated effort. A rehearsing engineer must have the vital range of abilities to construct relations with networks basically customers who are colleagues of the association. Business can be affected by commitment all the time, sincerely and straightforwardly survey and sharing worries of colleagues [11]. Individual data and protection Privacy is one of the significant perspectives that should be taken consideration by a designer. She/he should not engage in any activities that bring about encroaching security of others. Activities, for example, perusing messages of others, getting to private information in the interior system of the association and modifying information that may bring about unanticipated results. Designers must stick to moral lead and simultaneously secure their own protection. Activities incorporate avoidance of hacking. Correspondence frameworks of an association, for example, email framework and web must be utilized for associations reason just [12]. A rehearsing engineer must cease from utilizing companys correspondence frameworks for individual, promoting, business and political purposes. Separation As a rehearsing engineer it is likewise our obligation to guarantee equivalent business opportunity is given to all. Reasonable and equivalent treatment must be the witticism. Individuals must guarantee a culture that won't endure tormenting, separation, inappropriate behavior in the work environment. Tormenting or provocation at work environment for some can prompt their degeneration of emotional well-being. For this situation, an architect obligation ought to be to shield the individual experiencing mental degeneration and make certain strides that may forestall such occurrences later on. At the point when an inward structure is made for an association, a specialist must give important bits of knowledge. At the point when a rehearsing engineer is itself a casualty, at that point she/he should report this occurrence to a fitting head inside an association. Granting specialized information All designers at a specific stage ought to bestow specialized information among friends and general masses. Bestowing information among the general masses can likewise be for a social reason. A shared relationship with government authorities is helpful for a designer. Defilement and pay off Corruption is the main driver of wrongs in the general public. An association doesn't endure debasement and pay off. Pay off is

Crime as dark play Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wrongdoing as dull play - Essay Example For example, the cockfighting by Balinese can be considered as a profound play that includes all the players the roosters as well as the proprietors of these cockerels (Geertz 56). Profound play, dull play are a few hypotheses to portray an occasion or circumstance like pony hustling or Russian roulette in which the danger to life is at most extreme level. The inclusion in the game or occasion is high to such an extent that it makes individuals think if its extremely worth taking part in it. Profound and dim play makes a circumstance wherein the life of that individual is altogether subject to that company. The characters probably won't understand how grave the hazard is before investing in that circumstance. Evaporating Point, a 1971 American film, investigates the idea of dull play well indeed. The film shows a conveyance driver, Kowalsky, who consents to take a vehicle to San Francisco from Colorado. Kowasky is appeared as a forceful man who has endured a ton throughout everyday life and lost all his friends and family. From streak moves in the film, the crowd is informed that life has not been simple on him as he endured wounds in the war with Vietnam and was additionally sentenced for medicate charges after he prevented his accomplice from submitting assault. Tired with life, he takes off at rapid to take out the disappointment he had inside him for such huge numbers of years. In spite of the fact that his aims were not to hurt anybody out and about, Kowalsky is depicted as an insubordinate man who is happy to accept any test as it comes. The police before long learn of an expedient driver out and about and the pursuit among Kowalsky and police starts. He before long turns out to be exceptionally mainstream and the media begins announcing him on radio and papers. The film finally shows how he evades the police and figures out how to keep away from the snares they lay for him. In the wake of playing all the catch and mouse game, the man with no reason throughout everyday life (Kowalsky) deliberately hits his vehicle against a truck and ends it all (Berra). At the point when I intently

The Way of Financial Capability Is Through Financial Literacy

The method of Financial Capability is through monetary proficiency: Indian and Global Scenario Asst. Prof. Prajakta Joshi N-12, Maurya Vihar, Near Sahajanand Society, Kothrud, Pune - 38 Email †[emailâ protected] co. in Contact no. †9371207428 The method of Financial Capability is through money related education: Indian and Global Scenario Abstract In each phase of life individuals face difficulties to take certain monetary choices. Monetary lack of education is powerlessness to settle on educated decisions and viable choices with respect to the utilization and the board of cash and riches which influences their family and society at large.It is most extreme significant for a nation to make strides for money related proficiency so as to improve the standard of society and economy of the country. Money related education is the arrangement of abilities and information that permits a person to take suitable monetary choices. The goal of the exploration is to comprehend money r elated education and its significance. It additionally intends to comprehend the current money related education activities that are occurring in India and different pieces of the world.Financial proficiency is progressively significant in nation like India where huge lump of populace is ignorant henceforth they don't have simple access to formal budgetary set up. This populace has absence of information about money related arranging. The Indian government has demanding the requirement for budgetary proficiency and producing certainty among individuals who consumed their fingers by taking incorrectly choices. The advancement of budgetary proficiency in creating nations is opportune and can be a success win circumstance for needy individuals and money related specialist co-ops alike..Financial education abilities can be applied wherever viz. dealing with a wide scope of individual, family unit, business, and network assets. The viable budgetary proficiency is the best instrument to a ssist the general public with dealing with future needs just as to manage possibilities. Watchwords: budgetary proficiency, monetary instruction, money related projects, monetary arranging Introduction: Financial choices can be thorough assignment. Settling on monetary decisions by contrasting reserve funds or obtaining choices and distinctive loan fees and term structures can cause a specific degree of discomfort.Sometimes a learned individual may need to depend on adding machines or spreadsheets to settle on really educated choices. Venture choice includes some measure of hazard; consequently the quantity of financial specialists are less when contrasted with the rate at which advertises in India are developing. Individuals delay to contribute because of absence of mindfulness and appropriate information on money related administrations accessible in showcase. This vulnerability is because of absence of data and comprehension of speculation nuts and bolts. Making educated financia l specialist is the significant test for consistent development of Indian economy.Investments might be as fixed store, land, gold, common reserve, bond and offers. According to Indian situation individuals are least inspired by speculation is share showcase because of absence of information. Just 1% of Indian populace is dynamic speculator in capital market. Legislature of India has just found a way to build the mindfulness and information on the populace through different speculator training programs. Budgetary proficiency programs that show people how to spend spare and financial plan responsibly.These activities should reach to the root level of Indian populace. The mindfulness should spread among the ranchers that comprise of 70% of Indian economy. Objective: 1. To comprehend the money related education and its significance. 2. To find out about the Initiatives for Financial Literacy in the worldwide setting. 3. To examine the endeavors taken by different organizations for Finan cial Literacy in India. Writing Review: Lusardi and Mitche (2006, 2007), have directed fundamental monetary education test for both U. S. nd different nations and their examination shows that numerous grown-ups don't comprehend the contrast among compound and straightforward intrigue; the attributes of budgetary resources, for example, stocks and bonds; the advantages of portfolio broadening; or the significant highlights of their own home loans, Social Security and annuity plans. Lusardi and Tufano( 2009), (van Rooij, Lusardi, and Alessie 2007), (Hastings and Tejeda-Ashton 2008) found that individuals with low budgetary education are bound to have issues with obligation, more averse to partake in the securities exchange and common funds.Previous examine has discovered that monetary proficiency can have significant ramifications for money related conduct. Ajay Tankha, Development expert of Sa-dhan, a self improvement gathering led concentrate in India identified with money related e ducation and demonstrated that about 96% of the populace the nation over felt that they would not make due for over one year if there is lost pay. Worthington, AC, Predicting monetary proficiency in Australia, Financial Services Review, 15(1), Spring 2006, 59-79, utilized Logit models to foresee money related proficiency utilizing the 2003 ANZ Survey of Adult Financial Literacy in Australia.Factors inspected incorporate sexual orientation, age, ethnicity, occupation, instruction, pay, investment funds and obligation. The outcome shows Financial education is most elevated for people matured somewhere in the range of 50 and 60 years. Proficiency is least for the jobless, females, and those from a non-English talking foundation with a low degree of instruction. Research Methodology: The examination paper depends on enlightening investigation. The optional information sources are : 1. Sites 2. World monetary discussion report 3. Books 4. Diaries Conceptual foundation: Definition of Fina ncial Literacy:Financial Literacy is the information and capacity of a person to bring in educated and successful cash the executives choice. Monetary education can be accomplished when an individual creates money related information and aptitude alongside access to budgetary administrations, government arrangement, money related instruments and updates in charge structure. Money related literacyâ€the capacity to process monetary data and settle on educated choices about close to home financeâ€has got developing consideration in the created world, and as of late, in the creating scene, as a conceivably significant determinant of family unit well-being.The term budgetary proficiency is utilized regularly yet many don't really comprehend the definition. As Stone (2004) states, â€Å"financial proficiency is the capacity to peruse, break down, oversee and convey about the individual budgetary conditions influencing material well being† (p. 1). The idea of monetary proficie ncy mulls over the capacity to adjust your check book or having the option to peruse your budget summaries. A superior educated resident can be progressively judicious in arranging his own fund thus helps in reinforcing the country’s economy.It is significant that individuals ought to precisely see their own monetary choice Therefore there ought to be generous commitment from legislature of India and other non-government associations. Significance of budgetary education: as of late, money related proficiency has picked up the consideration of a wide scope of significant financial organizations, government offices, grass-roots buyer and network premium gatherings, and other organizations.Interested gatherings, including policymakers, are worried that customers come up short on a working information on monetary ideas and don't have the instruments they have to settle on choices generally invaluable to their financial prosperity. Such monetary proficiency inadequacies can influe nce a person's or family's everyday cash the executives and capacity to put something aside for long haul objectives, for example, purchasing a home, looking for advanced education, or financing retirement. Incapable cash the board can likewise bring about practices that make purchasers powerless against serious budgetary crises.Financial proficiency permits individuals to increment and better deal with their income †and thusly better oversee life occasions like instruction, disease, work misfortune or retirement. It likewise advances comprehension and acknowledgment of significant political changes, for example, human services or annuity changes. While the noteworthiness of budgetary proficiency has not yet been completely explained and perceived by the global advancement network †or by strategy producers and specialists in creating nations †measures to advance and improve monetary instruction are turning out to be more frequent.The suppliers of money related educati on programs are an assorted gathering that incorporates managers, the military, state agreeable expansion administrations, junior colleges, religious gatherings, and network based associations. Business banks are additionally significant suppliers of monetary proficiency training. Everything except two of the forty-eight retail banks reacting to an ongoing overview by the Consumer Bankers Association revealed adding to money related proficiency endeavors in some way.Many banks consider their commitment around there an approach to extend their client base and advance altruism, and such exercises are frequently given positive thought in assessments for consistence with the Community Reinvestment Act. Universal Scenario of Financial education: The improvement in clinical and innovation field brings about increment in future, anyway the individual ought to likewise be support monetarily till he alive. Budgetary education has become an enormously famous segment of monetary change over th e world to hold and increment the salary for future survival.USA: Financial proficiency advancement was begun from the get-go in 1908 in United State of America, Edward A. Filene set up American credit association development to advance money related proficiency in type of pamphlets. .A few governments have given endeavors to improve budgetary education. In USA many state governments require secondary school understudies to take money related instruction courses; the main such necessity produced results in Nevada in 1957. CNN Money has an exceptional outline of fundamental individual account subjects called Money 101. Every one of the 23 points incorporates a few pages of data, and a significant number of the subjects incorporate an interac

Looking at development within the Global Financial Market - Free Essay Example

Chapter 1 mark the genesis of this dissertation. The journey begins by taken a swift look at recent developments in the global financial market serving as catalyst in highlighting ERM in many organisations. This piece of study will centre on risk management activities in the banking sector and as Lam (2007) rightly said banks cannot function effectively without sound risk management. The banking industry now than ever before operate in more volatile financial market making risk management imperative to this sector. Background The field of Enterprise Risk Management (henceforth ERM) is swiftly changing and evolving (Hoyt et al. 2010). The current debate on this issue has generated mixed opinions among academicians and researchers alike. Risk management has become a global issue with many organisations still finding it difficult to get a grip of the concept. Although risk management has over the years been a priority for many corporations, a series of catastrophic events that has marked the last decade has further raised the significant of risk management in many organisations. Many organisations were caught unprepared and the pitfalls of risk management activities in other organisations were also exposed. For instance the outbreak of Y2K millennium bug in 2000 which resulted in over one billion dollars in loss prevention (Coffin 2009), the collapsed of Northern Rock Bank in the UK, the defrauding of French Bank Societe for a sum of 4.9 billion Euros in 2007 by a rogue trader, the effect of the US subp rime lending crisis, the collapsed of Barings Bank which was ones respected as the UKs oldest merchant bank and had the Queen herself as one of its listing and the ongoing BPs deepwater horizon oil spill to name but a few. Many blame the US mortgage lending crisis as the genesis of the global financial crisis the largest the world has ever witness since the Great Depression. All these development have resulted in increased risk profile and as a result increased in regulatory compliance on risk related issues. The risk environment has become more fragile now than ever before. Uncertainty is on the ascendency in todays economy and as a result every organization is, to some extent, in the business of risk management. BoultonHYPERLINK #bib4ÂÂ  HYPERLINK #bib4et alHYPERLINK #bib4, (2000) argue that it is not possible to create a business that doesnt take risks. A quotation from Stewart suitably summarizes the implication of risk in business: Risk let us get this straight up fron t is good. The point of risk management isnt to eliminate it; that would eliminate reward. The point is to manage it that is, to choose where to place bets, and where to avoid betting altogether (Stewart, 2000). With the increasingly multifaceted and fast-changing global business environment, many have postulated that ERM will alter and reform the way risk is view and managed by organisations. A study by the Harvard Business Review (2004), listed ERM as one of the twenty breakthrough ideas in 2004. Fox (2009) argue that current financial meltdown has highlighted enterprise risk management as a critical component that will determine a companys overall health and long-term viability. However, others also believe that the concept is just a managerial fad and only feasible in theory but difficult putting it into practice (Davenport and Bradley, 2000). Despite the scepticism the concept continues to gain momentum and more and more companies are embarking on ERM initiatives. Ironi cally, the existing studies on ERM have all focused on risk management activities in financial institutions with the neglect of non-financial ones. This piece of research thus dives into the issue of ERM in a retail supermarket chain in the UK in an attempt to examine the relationship between the intended and what is actually implemented. The study will focus on emerging issues in ERM such as perceived benefits and drawbacks of ERM, risk management drivers, corporate governance issues and risk exposures. Research Aim and Objectives The business climate in the retail supermarket chains is a delicate one making risk management imperative to these organisations. This study will focus on the emerging issues in ERM with particular emphasis on the place of ERM in the modern organisations. The study will seek to find answers to the reasons behind managerial increased attention to ERM issues as well as the future of ERM amidst the current global financial crisis. The origin of this study will be based on a retail supermarket chain located in the UK. The researcher aims to focus on the following questions in the context of retail supermarket What is the business case for considering ERM? The aim of this research question is to look at diverse opinions put forward by risk management professionals in an attempt to convince organisations to adopt the risk management function. Further areas such as whether the business case for embarking on ERM justifiable and if so have these perceived values been enough to conv inced organisations to continually advocate for it implementation would be critically assessed. What are the drives that motivate organisations to embark on ERM journey? Over here the focus will be on the increasing external regulatory compliance as well as internal pressures driving corporations to adopt ERM implementation. An in-depth analysis would be conducted as to whether the increased in both internal and external pressures have resulted in an increased complexity and the volume of risk management. Can ERM overcome the conflicting priorities in this current economic crisis and if so how can ERM be move forward? In a business environment characterised by multiple responsibilities and conflicting priorities, the question that easily comes into mind is how are risk managers managing risk? This research question seeks to find answers to the above scenario. The current global financial crisis has resulted in enormous pressure on many organisations especially in the ban king industry. Job losses continue in all sectors forcing organisations to adopt cost cutting mechanisms. This poses the challenge of resource allocation. The researcher intends to find out from this research question how are organisations willing to channel their scare resources into ERM initiatives. The researcher will conclude by looking at areas where potential improvement could be made to safeguard the integrity and the reputation of the ERM function. What are the potential obstacles to a successful ERM implementation? ERM however easy it might seem to be represent a dynamic phenomenon and requires corporations to stay abreast with the changing trends in other to manage risk efficiently. Banks face enormous challenges in trying to manage risk. ERM drawbacks and hindrances would be the focus of this research question. Significant of the proposed Study The financial crisis has exposed the shortcomings of risk management in many organisations. Thus a study of ERM would be vital addition to the existing risk management literature on the topic considering the fact that ERM is still an emerging concept in many organisations. The study will also serve as a source of research reference for risk management professionals, students, policy makers, and researchers and ÂÂ   provide an initial foundation for more advanced research about ERM and support the empirical evidence on ERM. 1.4 Outline of the dissertation A brief introduction is given which summarize the aims and the objectives of the study. The research is divided into six main sections. Chapter 1 will set the tone by briefly introduce what the research intend to achieve. This chapter will also highlight the concept of ERM as risk management function as well as outlining the various research questions. The ensuing chapter deals with a review of the extensive literature on the subject. The chapter will detailed the emergence of ERM and how the trends have change over the years. Specific risk exposures, issues that are considered as best practices in ERM implementation, the business case for embarking on ERM, corporate governance issues, challenges to ERM execution will all form a focal part of this chapter. Chapter three will revolve around research methodology and looks at the choice of research method used. Explanation concerning the uses of quantitative research method in the form of questionnaire and the case study method for the purposes of data collection and analysis is elaborated. Outline of research procedures and issues related to ethics would be dealt with in this section and the processes involved in negotiating assess with the organisation will form the climax of this chapter. Chapter four details the finding of this study. Over here findings related to Companys risk exposures, the perceive value of ERM to the organisation, expected challenges, areas where improvement is needed and the burning issue of corporate governance and it implication to risk management forms the concluding part of this chapter. Finally, chapter five presents discussion and conclusion of this research in accordance with what was established in the existing literature review. Research implications couple with challenges and limitations will form the climax of this chapter 1.5 Summary This chapter has highlighted the increasing need for risk management in organisations. The chapter enumerated some recent corporate scandals helping to elevate ERM on organisations strategic agenda. The chapter argued that as uncertainty continues to abound in todays business environment, the profile of ERM will continue to occupy an important place on corporate strategic table. The chapter listed the research questions and elaborated on what the researcher intend to achieve in relation to each research question. Chapter 2: Review of Literature 2.1 Introduction The important of risk management has vastly increased in the past decade according to Wu and Olson, 2010). Risk will always form part of the way organisations do business. ERM as a tool for managing risk has emerged as the new frontier for managing the portfolio of risk faced by many companies. This chapter will detail the review of extensive literature on the subject of ERM. Various variables will be explored. The survival of the 21st century organisation will mainly depend on how holistic risk is viewed and managed. A review of current trend and status of ERM will mark the beginning of this chapter. The section that follows will take a critical look at the contrasting views and opinions on the extent of ERM adoption by organisations. Thereafter, account of the various risk exposures faced by the financial institutions will be presented together with issues that are considered as best practices in ERM implementation. The chapter will also elaborate on the main driving force beh ind corporate increased adoption of ERM with specific emphasis on corporate governance issues. The researcher then presents an account of the business case for implementing ERM initiatives, and concludes the chapter with the expected drawbacks, and how ERM can be moved forward amidst the current global financial crisis. 2.2 Current state and trends in ERM Since the mid-1990s, enterprise risk management has emerged as a concept and as a management function within corporations (Dickenson, 2001). Early adopters of ERM recognized that changes in technology, globalization, and corporate financing were increasing the complexity and volume of risks. They also began to realize that traditional approaches were no longer effective way to identify, assess, and respond to the growing array of risks across a complex enterprise (Rao, 2007). Dickenson (2001) argue that these could be attributed largely to a number of high-profile company failures and preventable large losses, resulting in the scope of corporate governance been widened to embrace the risks that a company takes. Wu and Olson (2010) added that recent traumatic events such as the 9/11 and other business scandals may have contributed to a change in focus in the way risk is managed by many organisations. For instance recent recall of nearly 5.2 million vehicles by the Toyota Motor Co rporation, and the scandal of Enron and WorldCom go a long way to substantiate why ERM has increased in popularity. The underlying premise of ERM is that every entity exists to provide value for its stakeholders. All entities face uncertainty and the challenges for management is to determine how much uncertainty to accept as it strives to grow stakeholder value. Uncertainty however, presents both risk and opportunity, with the potential to erode or enhance value creation. The concept has gain momentum over the last decades as Stroh (2005) rightly put it ERM is quickly becoming the new minimum standard, and it may be the key to survival for many companies. Research into ERM practices amongst corporations across the globe looks more promising with significant recent research emerging in the academic literatures. For example Walker et al. (2003) accounted for ERM efforts at five large companies. A study on ERM practices by Canadian risk and insurance management companies conducte d by Kleffner et al. (2003). Lynch-Bell (2002) reported results of a survey of 52 companies with respect to risk management practices. Beasley et al. (2005) reported survey results of 123 organisations, with the following variables found positively related to ERM implementation: presence of a chief risk officer, board independence, top management support, presence of a Big Four auditor, entity size, and the industries of banking, education, and insurance and a study by Lam (2010) and his colleagues on ERM practices amongst banks in Asia. Defining Enterprise Risk Management Even though the components that make up the discipline of ERM are well-known, the concept itself is quite new and still evolving. As ERM continues to evolve, appropriate definition can be quite influential. ERM definition should be easy to communicate and remember whilst providing the flexibility to accommodate legitimate differences in approach among institutions, as well as any shifting nuance as the discipline develops in the years ahead. However, despite the increasing hype about ERM in recent times, still enterprise risk management remains a rather elusive and under-specified concept. Negus (2010) argues that establishing a consistent and commonly applied risk nomenclature poses one of the greatest challenges to the success of any ERM initiative. There has been inconsistency in ERM definition or methodologies in the last few decades although organisations have standardized on the definition outlined in COSOs Enterprise Risk Management-Integrated Framework, published in 2004 . The framework defined ERM as a process, affected by an entitys board of directors, management, and other personnel, applied in strategy setting and across the enterprise, designed to identify potential events that may affect the entity, and manage risk to be within its risk appetite, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of entity objectives. Although this definition has widely been accepted in the academic and management circles, there are equally alternative definitions offered by different risk management professionals and writers alike. For instance the Casualty Actuarial Society (CAS, 2003) defined ERM as a discipline by which an organization in any industry assesses, controls, exploits, finances, and monitors risks from all sources for the purpose of increasing the organizations short- and long-term value to its stakeholders, while Deloach (2000, p.5) defined ERM as:A structured and disciplined approach: it aligns strategy, processes, people, technolog y and knowledge with the purpose of evaluating and managing the uncertainties the enterprises faces as it creates value. Digging below the surface of the loosely defined ERM practices, there are clear indication of variations existing in the specific theoretical and uses of risk management in individual organizations. There are indications that ERM definition is gradually becoming organization specific. Ai (2006) suggested that creating a clear, firm-tailored explanation is a vital precursor to the firm executing a successful ERM framework. A survey conducted by Towers Perrin in 2006 of US organisations concluded that one of the major obstacles hindering ERM practice in many companies was lack of clear-cut understanding of the concept. Nevertheless, the various definitions outlined above indicate that ERM is strategic and enable firms to manage risk more holistically and in aggregate form. It also offers comprehensive approach of risk management by looking at a portfolio view of risks. 2.3 The Extent of ERM Adoption by Organisations A research by KPMG (2010) argued that the current global financial crisis has hammered home a painful but clear reminder that risk is invasive and its potential consequences can never be fully predicted. The impact of risk is not only felt by organisations but it can also have far-reaching consequences sometimes affecting society at large. According to Stroh (2005) ERM is quickly becoming the new minimum standard, and it may be the key to survival for many companies. The implication of this is that risk management is no longer a good-to-have but a must-have by corporations seeking to survive in this perilous business operating environment. Whilst numerous studies exist on how companies are embracing ERM initiatives across the globe, other studies indicate otherwise. A series of research conducted by the KPMG (2002, 2006, and 2010) found that in 2002 only 4% of survey respondent reported of having implemented ERM in their organisation. This figure rose to 35% in the 2006 survey r epresenting an increase of 31% in adoption rate. The 2010 survey reported of 51% adoption rate by banks in Asia with further 78% implementing ERM or planning to do so. Further studies continue to reveal positive ERM adoption rate. For instance a survey by Tillinghast Towers Perrin (2004) on Insurance Executives Worldwide reveals a positive outcome of ERM adoption by corporations. In some cases too ERM adoption has been fuelled by company specific characteristics such as the presence of risk manager, Chief Risk Officer, Board of Directors, entity size, and board independency (Liebenberg and Hoyt, 2005). Beasley et al (2005) contended that entities in the banking, education, and insurance industries are more likely to embrace ERM initiatives. The Conference Board and Mercer Oliver Wyman (2005) conducted an ERM survey among 271 executives at global companies with over US $1 billion in sales. The survey found that 91% of the respondents were either positively disposed toward or have adopted ERM. In contrast, there are quite a number of researches that tend to refute some of the established facts about organisational adoption of ERM. Global Insurance survey conducted by Tower-Perrin (2008) established that there is significant difficulty amongst companies in embedding ERM. This view was shared by Beasley et al (2005) in their study which concluded that ERM processes are less developed in the US comparative to their international counterparts. Yazid et al (2008) found that ERM practices amongst main Board listed companies in Malaysia Bourse are still at early stage. Ironically, research on ERM adoption has centred on organisations in Europe, the North American, U.S.A., and Asia with little or no evidence about ERM practices in the African continent. Notwithstanding the above arguments, research so far has not been conclusive as to why some organisations embrace ERM whilst others do not 2.4 Risk Faced by the Financial Institutions 2.5 ERM Best Practices 2.6 Enterprise Risk Management Drivers 2.7 The Business Case for ERM 2.7 The Business Case for Enterprise Risk Management The international business climate has sent a clear message that no industry is immune from insufficient risk management. Added to this is the fact that with the recent increase in fraud and crime activities couple with rising inflation and operational coast, ERM has become a nightmare that can determine an organisations fate. This raises one question that all risk management practitioners are trying to find answers to. Why should corporations embark on ERM journey? Risk management professionals have sort to develop a strong business case that urges all businesses to adopt an ERM programme regardless of their level of sophistication in risk management. Additionally, empirical research and industry surveys have indicated that there are clear business benefits for adopting an ERM programme (Lam, 2007). Although ERM is relatively a new concept, it benefits has well been documented in the academic books and journals. Hoyt (2008) argue that ERM enable firms to manage a wide array of risks in an integrated, enterprise-wide fashion. Stroh (2005) contented that ERM provides firms with a significant source of competitive advantage. ERM capabilities can help management achieve the entitys performance and profitability targets and prevent loss of resources. It can help to ensure effective reporting and compliance with laws and regulations, as well as avoiding damage to the entitys reputation and associated consequences. Economic Intelligence Unit Survey (2007) reported that protecting and enhancing corporate reputation was cited by 50% of survey respondents as the most effective risk management outcome. Furthermore, 41 percent say ERM assists them in ensuring regulatory compliance and efficient capital and resources allocation. Survey respondents also highlighted loss avoidance38%, increasing shareholder value 32% and reduced earnings volatility 26% as some of the other benefits. A survey by Cheng and Wu (2005) at Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS) exa mined the correlation between the ISS Corporate Governance Quotient ratings and 16 financial performance metrics for more than 5,200 U.S. companies in the 2002-2004 period. They found that companies with better corporate governance have lower risk, better profitability, and higher valuation. McKinsey and Company (2000) surveyed over 200 institutional investors in 22 different countries with a combined US$3.25 trillion in assets under management. They found that the large majority of investors were willing to pay a premium for companies with effective corporate governance practices. For example, in the U.S. 84% of investors were willing to pay an average premium of 18.3%. A survey by the MetricStream (2008) presented ERM benefits in qualitative and quantitative format in the form of tabulation which can be seen below: Sources MetricStream (2007) Lam (2003) and AON Survey (2007) added that ERM increased organisational effectiveness, better risk reporting, and improved business performance. Organisations that have adopted ERM approach to risk management have also experienced increased in share-holder value and reduction in losses and earning volatility (Lam, 2000). Nacco and Stulz (2006) added that ERM act as a value creation by facilitating organisations to quantify and manage the risk-return trade-off that faces the entire corporation. For example a survey conducted by the Conference Board among 271 risk management executives reported that 86 percent of organisations said ERM has enabled them to make better-informed decisions, 83 percent said it has provided them with greater management consensus whilst 79 percent said it has increased management accountability ( as quoted in Olson and Wu, 2008). Cumming and Hirtle (2001), Hoyt et al (2008) and Lam (2001) in their research concluded that ERM benefits firms by decreas ing earnings and stock-price volatility, reducing external capital costs, increasing capital efficiency and creating synergies between different risk management activities. It also promotes increased risk awareness which facilitate better operational and strategic decision making. Bowling and Rieger (2005) added that ERM can provide a solid foundation upon which companies can enhance corporate governance and deliver greater shareholder value 2.8 Challenges to ERM Implementation 2.9 ERM in the Next Century Chapter 3: Research Methodology 4.1. Research methods and techniques selected Quantitative research method in the form of a cross-sectional survey was employed for the purposes of data collection. This took the form of postal questionnaires. The survey was intended to ascertain the state of ERM implementation in one of the biggest retail supermarket chain in the UK. Since the supermarket chain has branches all over the country, in order the get a fair representation of survey respondents, a non-probability purposive sample was used as stipulated by (Cohen et al. 2000 p.113). The research questionnaire sort to answer the following questions: What is the business case for considering ERM? What are the drives that motivate organisations to embark on ERM journey? Can ERM overcome the conflicting priorities in this current economic crisis and if so how can ERM be move forward? What are the potential obstacles to a successful ERM implementation? ÂÂ   The questionnaire provided the opportunity of haven conversation with risk management per sonnel via telephone, and email correspondence. 4.2. Justification of research methods and techniques Quantitative survey research method was employed as the most effective method for data collection. The HCU (1999) defined a survey as a systematic method of collecting data from a sample of population of interest such that the results are representative of the population within a certain degree of error. This data collection method according to Owens (2002) is unique in that it offers the opportunity to obtain information not available from other sources. It also ensures probability sampling making it possible to obtain data from unbiased representation of population of interest. The method is relatively inexpensive. Cohen et al (2000) in their book detailed that a survey gather information cost-effectively and efficiently from the population permitting generalisations to be made about given factors. Standardization of questions associated with this method makes it possible to collect the same information from every respondent. In terms of data analysis, survey data can be used to complement existing data from secondary sources as argued by Owen (2002). Notwithstanding the above benefits, the limitation of this data collection method must also be acknowledged. Pinsonneault and Kraemer (1993) asserted that survey often focus on single-method designs in instances where multiple methods are needed. The study further noted that the technique is also characterised by unsystematic and often insufficient sampling procedures couple with low response rates, weak linkages between units of analysis and respondents, and overdependence on cross-sectional surveys. A postal questionnaire was used as a mode of survey administration. This was very useful considering the cost involve and the limited resources available for the research. More so, administering the questionnaire was not problematic and made it possible to reach large and busy populations. It must also be admitted that data collection period was slower as obtaining cooperation was difficult. . 3.3. Research Procedures 3.4. Ethical Considerations The concerned of both the well-being of research participants and with the future use of the outcome of this research was given careful considerations. The researcher set strict standard consulted and complied with relevant code of conduct so that data produced is fair and unbiased. Participants were assured of complete anonymity and confidentiality. Respondents privacy was also protected by avoiding using individual names. Informed consent was sort from research participants and enough information provided about the nature, and the benefits of the research and how data gathered would be used. Assurance was made regarding full adherence to data protection act. All sources have been rightly acknowledged unless otherwise stated. Overall, the research was conducted in a manner which upholds the integrity of the research enterprise and does not diminish the potential of conducting research in the future.

Racism in Shakespeares Othello - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2715 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Literature Essay Type Argumentative essay Level High school Tags: Desdemona Essay Racism Essay William Shakespeare Essay Did you like this example? Racism in Othello Racism seems to be a big concern in Shakespeare’s tragic play, Othello. Because the hero of the play is an outsider, a Moor, we have an idea how blacks were regarded in England, in Elizabethan times. There are many references that bring about the issue of racism from the very beginning to the end. In the tragedy, where Othello is coming from is not mentioned, yet through the descriptions the reader is informed that he belongs to one of the Eastern nationalities such as African, Ottoman Turk or Arab. In this paper I am going to analyze some episodes involving a prejudicial, racist attitude and try to discuss whether Shakespeare was a racist or not. Even though the play is full of offensive definitions of black Othello, we cannot define it as a racist work since Shakespeare’s black hero is inwardly pure and innocent. He becomes the victim of a seemingly honest white character, Iago in the play. In the play Othello is always under attack due to his ethnic origins. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Racism in Shakespeares Othello" essay for you Create order On the night he runs away Desdemona, Iago and Roderigo alert Desdemona’s father Brabantio yelling: â€Å"Zounds, sir you are robbed/For shame put on your gown/Your heart is burst; you have lost half of your soul. † (I. i. 83-5) Martin Orkin states in his article â€Å"Othello and the ‘plain face’ of racism† that: As such scholars as Eldred Jones and Winthrop Jordan have taught us, there is ample evidence of the existence of color prejudice in the England of Shakespeare’s day. This prejudice may be accounted for in a number of ways, including xenophobia-as one proverb first recorded in the early seventeenth century has it, Three Moors to a Portuguese; three Portuguese to an Englishman(167) We see that in the play the colors â€Å"black† and â€Å"white† are widely used in order to reveal the differences of the two races more. Iago portrays the sexual relationship between Othello and Desdemona by likening Othello to and old ram and Desdemona to a white ewe as if a wild, big animal is attacking to a pure white ewe. The lines below are a good example of the prejudices based on color. Even now, now, very now, an old black ram Is topping your white ewe. Arise, arise; Awake the snorting citizens with the bell, Or else the devil will make a grandsire of you: Arise, I say. (I. i. 86-9) Shakespeare manages to give the general perception of the black in England, at his times. â€Å"As long as Brabantio looks at Othello as a professional soldier, he has nothing but admiration and affection for him. But forced to consider him in a more intimate relationship, he is trapped in the cultural stereotype of the black man as ugly, cruel, lustful and dangerous, near cousin to the devil himself. †( Salgado 87) The way that Brabantio accused Othello for stealing his daughter’s heart reveals the attitudes of English men towards the Moor. Othello who just runs away with his beloved is accused of robbery. The phrase â€Å"old black ram† and the word â€Å"devil† make reference in an offensive manner to dark skin color. Barbara Everett states in her article â€Å"‘Spanish’ Othello: the making of Shakespeare’s Moor† that: As Roderigo and Iago talk, it is not simply a ‘black man’ they are setting among ‘the whites’. ‘Moor’ means to Iago and Roderigo a civilized barbarian of fierce if repressed lusts- but to dramatist himself it surely means something very different, a meaning entailed by his choice of names. The moor is a member of a more interesting and more permanent people: the race of displaced and dispossesed, of Time’s always vulnerable wanderers. (71) Iago’s hatred for Othello and Brabantio’s disapproval of Othello as a son-in-law seems to be caused by his skin color. According to Iago an outsider, a Moor does not deserve to hold a position on the top of the military while there are civilized whites like him. And according to Brabantio a white Venetian who is high born deserves his noble daughter. He can not match really them. Even though Othello has turned into Christianity and fight against Muslim Ottomans for the sake of Christian country he can not be accepted totally â€Å"The Elizabethan awareness of foreigners was closely conditioned by a traditional religious outlook on the world; and that much ‘new knowledge’ lay follow or was treated in a merely superficial manner because of this. † (Hunter 50) Even though Othello fulfills his duty as a general and he is appreciated by the authorities in Venice and earns a respected position, he is not embraced by the society enough to marry a Venetian girl. In his article â€Å"Othello’s Alienation† Edward Berry says that Shakespeare portrays Othello as a Moor because racial tension and anxiety pervade the atmosphere of Venetian society, and Othello himself, in his aspiration towards assimilation and anxieties about his blackness, internalizes a false dichotomy that can only dehumanize him (330). His otherness caused Venetians to assault him. The reason lies behind this can also be the fear Europeans have for Islam which was the religion of the most powerful empire of that time, the Ottomans, and the territories it controls. Since many African countries were controlled by the Muslims, Othello is probably coming from an Islamic background. Edward Said stated in his Orientalism: â€Å"For Europe, Islam was a lasting trauma. Until the end of the seventeenth century the Ottoman peril lurked alongside Europe to represent for the wholeof Christian civilization a constant danger, and in time European civilization incorporated that peril and its lore, its great events, figures, virtues, and vices as something woven into the fabric of life. † (60) Iago’s defining Othello’s sexual affair as something animalistic brings about another racist criticism argued for decades. Likening Othello to wild animals, Iago tries to agitate Brabantio. Iago once again turns his invective on Othello, with tough racial epithets: Zounds, sir, you are one of those that will not serve God, if the devil bid you. Because we come to do you service and you think we are ruffians, you’ll have your daughter covered with a Barbary horse; youll have your nephews neigh to you; youll have coursers for cousins and gennets for germans. (I. i. 106-12) The words â€Å"devil†, â€Å"barbary horse†, and â€Å"gennet† are all related to Othello’s race. His definition of Othello and his comparison of his relatives with animals and Roderigo’s stating that Desdemona has gone To the gross clasps of a lascivious Moor and made a gross revolt are again other examples of harsh attacks towards blacks in Elizabethan time. Even though that night is a night when two lovers rejoin, they define it something so disgusting, animal like. Another obvious offence to Othello’s color comes from Brabantio when he first sees Othello and when they gather in Senate saloon: The wealthy curled darlings of our nation, ould ever have, to incur a general mock, Run from her guard age to the sooty bosom Of such a thing as thou, to fear, not to delight (I. ii. 67-70) In the play there are many scenes Othello is described someone to be feared of because of his physical appearances. Brabantio humiliates Othello with his appearance when he runs away with Desdemona. We do not see any other offense than his race and prejudices based on his race. â€Å"To fall in love with what she feared to look on! /It’s judgment maimed and most imperfect. † (I. iii. 99-100) G. K. Hunter shows in his article â€Å"Elizabethans and foreigners† how the Moors are thought to be with animalistic attachments in Elizabethan times: â€Å"Throughout the Elizabethan period, indeed, there seems to be a considerable confusion whether the Moor is a human being or a monster. † Shakespeare manages to convey this idea in Othello with his racist characters such as Iago and Brabantio yet he proves its being a false idea with his character, Othello, who is portrayed as a honest and innocent man who is turned in to a murderer with Iago’s manipulations. Brabantio directly attacks Othello’s color defining him as someone to be afraid of. Sooty is synonymous with black, of course. He cannot even think of the possibility of his daughter’s falling in love with Othello. He keeps accusing Othello of magic: Ay, to me; She is abused, stoln from me, and corrupted By spells and medicines bought of mountebanks; For nature so preposterously to err, Being not deficient, blind, or lame of sense, Sans witchcraft could not. (I. iii. 0-5) Magic was something that associated with blacks at those times. Brabantio believes that a black man can only earn the heart of his daughter, Desdemona, by magic since she never indulged young boys of their own race who were longing for her â€Å"Othello is simply a black man, with all that stereotype implies, and only witchcraft could account for a beautiful, intelligent and high-born maiden becoming enamored of him† (Salgado 87). Brabantio thinks that it has something to do with Othellos herita ge. Since he is black, he can bewitch. Magic also reappears when Desdemonas handkerchief cannot be found; Othello has too much trust in the symbolism and charm of the handkerchief, which is why the object is so significant to him. It was not because he really did magic through the handkerchief but because the handkerchief has a cultural meaning to him. Othello’s defense that he made in front of the Dukes and the Senators is an answer to all attacks that Iago, Roderigo and Brabantio have made so far. I ran it through, even from my boyish days, the very moment that he bade me tell it; Wherein I spake of most disastrous chances, Of moving accidents by flood and field Of hair-breadth scapes i the imminent deadly breach, Of being taken by the insolent foe And sold to slavery, of my redemption thence (I. iii. 133-8) Othello simply tells how Desdemona fell in love with him through his life story. Their love story was out of sexuality and it was not Othello who forced Desdemona to run away with him. He shows he does have real magic, in the words he uses and the stories he tells. He draws a real imperturbable character that readers appreciate. The reader feels even more sympathy towards Othello because of Iago’s hypocritical behavior. As the play goes on Othello speaks of his own color implying negative connotations it has when his faith in his wife is destroyed because of Iago’s manipulations on her faithfulness, the Moor sees that her name has become as black as his face: â€Å"Her name, that was as fresh/ As Dians visage, is now begrimed and black/ As mine own face. (III. iii. 386-88)Othello uses the color â€Å"black† in order to liken Desdemona’s so called cheat. We see how the color issue was widespread among people at those times since even a black person uses his color in order to imply its bad connotations. † Tragedy, in Chapmans metaphor, is always ‘black-facd’; but Othellos dark countenance is like an inscription of his tragic destiny for more reasons than the traditional metaphoric associations of blackness with evil and death† (Neill 29). Shakespeare’s creating a character like Othello who gets on well with almost all people in the play –the duke, the senators, and soldiers- is sign of Shakespeare’s not being racist. Salvago states that : â€Å"The general esteem in which he is held , Brabantio’s earlier regard and affection for him and the Duke’s remark on hearing his story, show that this ‘extravagant and wheeling stranger/Of here and everywhere’ has earned himself a respected position in Venetian society† (87). Desdemona has always been loyal to his husband, Othello, till the very end. In the play Desdemona is young Venetian woman of high birth and good breeding that is favored by many white young men yet chooses to marry Othello, to a Moor. She does not show less respect to her husband than any other white husband in that time. â€Å"Captivated by Othello and his traveler’s tales, Desdemona either falls in love him personally or imagines she does, and marries him without the slightest regard for her father’s wishes or feelings. †(Unwin 159) When Emilia says â€Å"But I do think it is their husbands faults/ If wives do fall (IV. iii. 88-9). Desdemona’s response is â€Å"Good night, good night. Heaven me such usage send. Not o pick bad from bad put by a bad mend† (IV. iii 106-7). Since she never did wrong to her husband, she had nothing to fear of. Desdemona is constantly associated, throughout the play with images of whiteness and purity: wedding sheets; a handkerchief; skin whiter than snow and ‘smooth as monumental alabaster’. It is this purity of spirit that Othello mistakes for sin, just as he mistakes Iago’s malevolence for honesty. The honest Desdemona is accused of dishonesty; the dishonest Iago(insincere, deceitful, lacking in candor and public spirit) is labeled ‘honest’ over and over again in line after line. ( Garber 593) It is significant that in Othello the dishonest traitor is white, racist Iago not the black Moor. The dishonest white man destroyed the relationship between the faithful, innocent white Venetian girl and the other honest, innocent black Moor. Normally a black person would be used in Elizabethan literature to represent the darkness, yet in Othello Iago’s absolute evil character takes on that role. At the very end of the play, Othello being poisoned by wicked Iago’s provocations Othello kills innocent Desdemona and upon learning the truth he turns on himself and commits suicide quietly. He kills the savage, green-eyed, murderer, and the outsider. Garber says that: â€Å"Othello kills Othello. He is both Turk and Venetian, as he has been all along, and he dies in the act of describing a noble public gesture, the killing of a public enemy, in front of Venetian ambassadors who are public men themselves† (615) Othello is converted into Christianity after he comes to Venice. Probably, he has been a Muslim before, and he has belonged to the Ottoman Empire which was the most powerful empire at that time. Therefore he might have been also representing a Turk. We see that Iago managed what he tried throughout the play. From the very beginning till the end he speaks of Othello’s being a barbaric Moor and at last because of his slanders Othello commits a barbaric crime. Iago’s wicked plan destroys Othello. The seeds of jealousy that Iago plant over starts to bloom and Othello plans on taking the life of his beloved Desdemona for he believes in her so-called infidelity. We see that Othello starts to lose his humanity, and takes on the mentality of a savage. As G. K. Hunter stated in his article â€Å"the relation between wild-men, green-men, foresters, Robin Hood, the Moors and the devil was very difficult to clear up. Man of African heritage is typically portrayed in Elizabethan literature in a negative light, yet is allowed to shine in Othello. †(56) Therefore Othello is depicted as a true hero. He is portrays as good general and honest man. He is flawed; his nobility and honesty permits Iago to abuse him in his deceitful ways. Othello’s color is dramatically important since the reader visualize how outsiders especially the Moor with an Muslim Arab ancestry are seen Elizabethan times and lights the way for seeing the differences between European and Non-European societies in that time. Works Cited Berry, Edward. â€Å"Othello’s Alienation. † Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900. 30. 2 (1990): 315-333. Everett, Barbara. â€Å" ‘Spanish’ Othello: the making of Shakespeare’s Moor†. Shakespeare and Race. Ed. Stanley Wells and Catherine M. S. Alexander. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Garber, Marjorie. Shakespeare Afterall. NY: Pantheon Books, 2004. Hunter, G. K. â€Å"Elizabethans and foreigners†. Shakespeare and Race. Ed. Stanley Wells and Catherine M. S. Alexander. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000 McLeish, Kenneth and Stephen Unwin. A Guide to Shakespeare’s Plays. London: Faber and Faber Limited, 1998. Neill, Michael. â€Å"Unproper Beds: Race, Adultery, and the Hideous in Othello† Shakespeare Quarterly, 40. 4 (1989): 383-412. Orkin, Martin. â€Å"Othello and the ‘plain face’ Of Racism†. Shakespeare Quarterly. 38. 2 (1987): 166-188. Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York: Random House, 1979. Salgado, Fenella and Gamini, Shakespeare:Othello. London: Penguin, 1989.

Student Perceptions Of Cheating At Online - 1685 Words

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It will also present alternative ideas to learning and measures to limit the need that students feel for plagiarism and promote personal creativity. Not only do we see this moral plague in academics, but in many other fields, such as entertainment, art, and the written

Report on Neon Essay Example For Students

Report on Neon Essay Neon was discovered in 1898 by British chemists Sir William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers as a component of the most volatile fraction of liquefied crude argon obtained from air. Upon applying an electric current to it, the chemists found that it had an orange glow, and they decided that it was not argon, but rather a new element altogether. Neon is not a very common element, but the places it is most abundant in are the earth’s atmosphere, and trapped within rocks in the earth’s crust. The place where it is most abundant, however, is the throughout the cosmos. In the earth’s atmosphere, neon only comprises 0.0018 percent of the volume. On the earth, neon is always present as a gas. There are many physical properties of neon, such as the fact that it is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. Also, neon is lighter than air. With a density of density 0.89990 g/liter. The freezing point of neon is -248.67 C, and the boiling point of neon is -246.048 C, which is even lower than the boiling point of nitrogen (-195.8C). When under low pressure, neon emits a bright orange-red glow if a small electric current is passed through it. The electron configuration of neon is 1s22s22p6. The chemical properties of neon include the fact that it is not reactive because it has a full outer shell, and therefore cannot gain or lose any electrons. Because of this, neon belongs to a group of elements called â€Å"noble gases.† These are all gases which have a full outer shell and cannot react in nature. The period of neon is 2, and the group is 18. Neon has an atomic number of 10, and a mass of 20.180. Neon has three stable isotopes: neon 20, 21, and 22. These three isotopes comprise 90.92 percent of natural neon, 0.26 percent of natural neon, and 8.82 percent of natural neon, respectively. There are five other isotopes of neon, and they are all radioactive. None of these five isotopes occur in nature. There is only one common use for neon, and that is in electric and fluorescent lights to produce a bright orange-red glow. Neon is produced industrially by distillation of liquefied air. The most volatile part of the liquid air is comprised of nitrogen, neon, and helium. The nitrogen is removed by condensation under increased pressure, and lowered temperature. Then, the nitrogen is adsorbed by highly cooled charcoal. Neon is separated from helium by selective adsorption on activated charcoal at low temperatures. Extracting neon from air is lengthy, and produces only 1 pound of neon for every 88,000 pounds of air that is processed. Bibliography:Neon. Encyclopedia Britannica CD, 1999.